The Interplay Between Liver First-Pass Effect and Lymphatic Absorption of Cannabidiol and its Implications for Cannabidiol Oral Formulations

CBD has low and variable oral bioavailabilty (~6% on average), due to incomplete gastrointestinal absorption and extensive pre systemic elimination in the liver.

The potential interplay between improved oral absorption, diversion of orally absorbed drug to the lymphatic system, and magnitude of hepatic-first pass effect should be considered in the design of new chemical and/or pharmaceutical delivery systems of CBD.